ABSTRACT
@#Objective: Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is the development of pathological dependence at the expense of performing activities of daily living, thus having negative health and psychological impact on the users. Previous PSU studies focused on medical students and little is known regarding its effect on students undergoing other courses. The objective of this study is to identify the pattern of smartphone usage and determine the psychological factors affecting PSU among undergraduate students in Malaysia and compare the pattern among students from different fields of study. Method: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the validated Smartphone Addiction Scale–Malay version (SAS-M) questionnaire. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the correlation between the PSU among the students categorised by their ethnicity, hand dominance and by their field of study. MLR analysis was applied to predict PSU based on socio-demographic data, usage patterns, psychological factors and fields of study. Results: A total of 1060 students completed the questionnaire. Most students had some degree of problematic usage of the smartphone. Students used smartphones predominantly to access SNAs, namely Instagram. Longer duration on the smartphone per day, younger age at first using a smartphone and underlying depression carried higher risk of developing PSU, whereas the field of study (science vs. humanities based) did not contribute to an increased risk of developing PSU. Conclusion: Findings from this study can help better inform university administrators about at- risk groups of undergraduate students who may benefit from targeted intervention designed to reduce their addictive behaviour patterns
ABSTRACT
To determine the efficacy of triple assessment in diagnosis of malignant breast lumps in female patients taking core biopsy as a gold standard. Breast Clinic, Unit-III, Department of Surgery, Nishtar Hospital, Multan. October 2007 to March 2008. A total 0f 100 patients of breast lump, above the age of 14 years, having palpable lump of any size in breast were selected according to inclusion criteria. Out of 100 patients included in the study most of the patients were in the age group 45-54 years i.e. 46 [46%] followed by 32 [32%] in the age group 35-44 years. According to occupation 67 [67%] were house wives, 13 [13%] were teachers and 5 [5%] were nurses. In 48 [48%] patients the lump size was 2 cm, 35 [35%] patients had lump size from, 2-4 cm while in 17 [17%] patients lump size was > 4 cm. Presenting symptoms like lump was present in 50 [50%] patients, pain alone 25[25%] patients, discharge in 20 [20%] patients and discharge with pain in 5 [5%]. Lymph node status like grade-0 was seen in 60 [60%] patients, grade-1 in 21 [21%] patients, grade-2 in 15 [15%] patients and grade-3 in 4 [4%] patients. Triple assessment is a valuable tool for an accurate non surgical diagnosis of breast lump, allows assessment of breast cancer patient for conservative and neo-adjuvant primary treatment before surgical treatment